12 Frequently Asked Questions About the Vegetarian Diet
Veggie Resources
4 Steps in Raising a Little Vegetarian

1. What does a "vegetarian diet" mean? The term "vegetarian" is really a misnomer, since vegetarians eat more than just vegetables. Vegetarian simply means a plant-based diet. There are several kinds of vegetarian diets, defined by what types of foods are consumed.

• A strict vegetarian, a vegan, avoids all foods of animal origin, including meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, and eggs.
• Lacto-vegetarians include dairy products in their diet. Lacto-ovo- vegetarians also eat dairy products and eggs.
• Pesco-vegetarians eat fish, dairy products, and eggs along with plant foods. (We believe this is the healthiest diet for most people).
• Finally, there are semi-vegetarians, who cheat a little and eat a little poultry along with fish, as well as dairy products and eggs. Most veggie lovers are not strict vegans.

2. Is the vegetarian diet automatically the healthiest way to eat?
Yes and no. Yes, a vegetarian diet is excellent for good health when you follow the general rules of a nutritionally-balanced diet and be sure you get the nutrients from vegetables that you miss by giving up animal foods. On the other hand, avoiding meat won't keep you healthy if instead you consume a lot of high- fat, nutrient-empty, junk foods. Vegetarians must also have an otherwise healthy lifestyle to harvest the full benefits of their plant eating. It does little good to eat a tomato and sprout sandwich on whole wheat bread if you also plant yourself on the couch in front of the TV set and smoke cigarettes several hours a day. The vegetarian who piles on the chips soaked in hydrogenated oil, along with high-fat cheese, and artificially-sweetened or highly-sugared beverages would be better off nutritionally if he had less of a sweet tooth, cut down on fat, and indulged in a little animal flesh.

3. What's so good about a vegetarian diet?
Here are six reasons:

1. Vegetarian cuisine is naturally low in saturated fats, and foods of plant origin contain little or no cholesterol.
2. Plant foods are also much higher in fiber than animal foods.
3. Many plant foods contain significant amounts of vital B-vitamins, and folic acid: and fruits and vegetables are powerful sources of phytochemicals - nutrients that help every organ of the body work better.
4. Vegetarians tend to eat fewer calories, since grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables, volume-for-volume, tend to be lower in calories than meat and poultry. Studies have shown that as long as their diet is balanced and nutritious, the people who consume fewer total daily calories live longer and healthier lives.
5. Veggie lovers believe that foods from plant sources, which are lower on the food chain, are safer than animal foods, since pollutants tend to concentrate in fatty tissues. While raw fruits and vegetables can carry harmful bacteria and pesticide residues just like meat, you can remove many of these pollutants by washing the plant foods. Trimming the fat from meat or chicken is less effective. Meat, poultry, and seafood are also more frequent carriers of foodborne illnesses than plant sources.
6. Environmental conservationists believe that having more plant-based diets is healthier for the planet. It takes less energy and less farmland to feed a vegetarian than it does to feed livestock.

4. Are vegetarians really healthier in the long-run?
Absolutely, positively, yes! Even though nutritionists seem to disagree on many topics, all agree that plant-eaters and fish-eaters tend to live longer and healthier lives than do animal eaters. In every way, the brocolli-munchers tend to be healthier than the beef-eaters:

• Vegetarians have a lower incidence of cancer, especially colon, stomach, mouth, esophagus, lung, prostate, bladder, and breast cancers. The protection against intestinal cancers is probably due to the fiber in a plant-based diet. In fact, vegetarians have a lower incidence of nearly all intestinal diseases and discomforts, especially constipation and diverticulosis. The phytonutrients in plant foods, especially antioxidants, flavanoids, and carotenoids, may also contribute to protection against cancer.
• Plant food is better for your heart, since it is low in cholesterol and saturated fat, and high in fiber. Vegetarians have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, namely heart attacks and stroke. A study of 25,000 Seventh-Day Adventists showed that these vegetarians had one-third the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease than a comparable meat-eating population. Another study showed that death from cardiovascular disease was fifty percent less in vegetarians. These statistics may be the result of more than just diet; vegetarians tend to have healthier overall lifestyles.
• Plant eaters are much less likely to get diabetes than animal eaters.
• Vegetarians tend to see better.
• An eye disease called macular degeneration, which is deterioration of the retina leading to blindness, occurs less frequently in vegetarians.
• Vegetarians tend to be leaner than meat eaters, even those who skin their chicken and trim the fat off their steak; and, in general, leaner persons tend to be healthier. Being lean does not mean being skinny. It means having a low percentage of body fat. Muscular weight-lifters tend to be lean, though no one would call them skinny. You don't have to "beef up" at the dinner table to make muscle. Even the U.S. Department of Agriculture's dietary guidelines recommend eating more vegetables and grains and less meat, despite pressure from the politically-connected meat industry to promote meat.

5. Does it cost more or less to eat vegetarian?
Except for a few delicacies, pound-for-pound plant foods tend to be more of a bargain. Of course, iceberg lettuce, sugary ketchup, and french fries - the typical fast food fare - do not qualify as healthy, vegetarian foods, even though they are cheap.

6. I worry about getting enough iron. Aren't vegetarian diets low in iron?Not necessarily. Some vegans we know seem so thin and pale that we want to treat them to a 16-ounce sirloin. Yet, studies have shown that vegetarians who eat a balanced diet don't seem to have any more iron-deficiency anemia than meat eaters. Even though the iron in plant foods is not as well absorbed as the iron in animal foods, vegetarians usually eat a higher volume of iron-containing foods. Also, many plant foods naturally contain vitamin C, which aids the absorption of the iron. You don't have to eat red meat to make red blood cells.

BEST PLANT FOOD SOURCES OF IRON

Milligrams of Iron Tofu (1/2 cup)7
Iron-fortified cereals (1 oz)4-8
Cream of wheat (1/2 cup, cooked)5
Blackstrap molasses (one tablespoon)3.5
Pumpkin seeds (two tablespoons)3
Lentils (1/2 cup, cooked) 3
Prune juice (8 oz)3
Chick peas (1/2 cup, canned)2
Swiss chard (1/2 cup)2
Dried fruits: apricots, peaches (3 oz)2
Beans: black, kidney (1/2 cup)2
Tomato paste (2 oz)2Figs (5)2
Jerusalem artichoke (1/2 cup, raw)2

The average adult woman needs around 15 milligrams of iron per day. Men and post-menopausal woman need around 10 milligrams. Children and pregnant and lactating women need more.

NUTRITIP Iron Binders Coffee and tea lovers beware. Chemicals known as "polyphenols" in coffee and tea can lessen the absorption of iron in plant foods by up to 70 percent. If you're eating a vegetarian diet with marginal amounts of iron, avoid drinking coffee or tea within an hour-and-a-half of eating iron-rich foods.

7. Do vegetarian diets contain enough calcium?
Yes. Dairy products are still the easiest available source of calcium, there are plenty of foods that are calcium-rich that don't come from a cow. Since so many foods are now fortified with calcium, even vegans are likely to get their daily requirement of this important mineral.

8. Can vegetarian diets lead to some nutritional deficiencies?
Only strict vegans are at risk of deficiencies in some nutrients. Lacto-ovo vegetarians and pesco vegetarians (who also eat eggs and dairy products) are unlikely to suffer from nutrient deficiencies, as long as they have a balanced diet, since there are no essential nutrients in meat that are not also found in eggs, dairy, and fish. Yet these are the nutrients at risk: Vitamin B-12 deficiency (which can lead to loss of peripheral nerve function) is of some concern for vegans, since animal foods are still the best source of vitamin B-12. Plant foods do not naturally contain B- 12. Soy foods, such as some forms of tempeh, may contain vitamin B-12, but soy B-12 is not as biologically active as the vitamin B-12 in animal foods. Check the B-12 content of soy products on the package label. Vegans need to consume foods fortified with vitamin B-12, such as tempeh, cereals, or brewer's yeast, or take B-12 supplements.

Don't worry about suddenly developing a vitamin B-12 deficiency after becoming a vegan. The liver stores so much B-12 that it would take years to become deficient in this vitamin. However, vegan infants and children do not have such rich stores and are prone to vitamin B-12 deficiency unless they get supplements.

Zinc deficiency is another possibility for vegans, yet a deficiency of this mineral can be made up by eating grains, wheatgerm, seeds, soy foods, dairy products, and multi-mineral supplements.

To prevent some of these deficiencies in children try Dr. Sears’ Little Champions fruit based multivitamin.

NUTRITIP Red Tomato Makes Red blood Cells Ounce for ounce, tomato paste contains four times the amount of iron as tomato sauce.

9. Do vegetarians get enough protein?
It's a nutritional myth that you have to eat muscle to make muscle. Vegetarians who eat fish, dairy products, and/or eggs get plenty of protein, and even a strict vegan can get enough protein by eating enough grains and legumes, which provide a feeling of fullness, along with the necessary quantity and quality of protein. There's no need to worry about vegetarian children getting enough protein. Each day, for example, preteens can get all the protein they need from an egg, a peanut butter sandwich, a couple glasses of milk, a cup of yogurt, or a black bean burrito.

NUTRITIP Completing the Protein Puzzle It used to be thought that different kinds of plant foods had to be eaten together at the same meal in order to get a "complete protein" (meaning all the essential amino acids; see protein terms). This turned being a vegetarian into a nutritional jigsaw puzzle. Which pieces fit together? Nutritionists have now decided that the body is smart enough to combine proteins on its own. The body takes in all the plant proteins consumed in a day and puts the amino acid puzzle together to build the complete proteins that it needs.

10. Do vegetarians get enough fat?
If you eat eggs, dairy products, and/or fish, you get enough fat. Plant-based food is thought to be deficient in fats, but actually the richest sources of the fats that are good for you - unsaturated fats and essential fatty acids - are plant foods, such as nuts, seeds, and oils. There is no essential fatty acid that can only be found in animal-based foods. Yet, strict vegans must guard against deficiency of some fatty acids, especially DHA. Because vegetables provide no pre-formed DHA, some vegans take supplements of DHA, since some people are not able to convert the essential fatty acid ALA in food to DHA in their bodies. Some vegans may have low blood levels of DHA. Seafood is the only food source of pre-formed DHA, which is another reason we believe a seafood plus vegetarian diet is the most healthy for most people.

NUTRITIP Best Meatless Sub – Tofu Tofu can be disguised in sauces, pasta, chili, and stirfrys, because it is close in texture to meat and a rich source of nearly all the nutrients that vegetarian diets need, such as calcium, iron, and zinc (though not vitamin B-12.). Since the calcium content of tofu varies considerably, depending on how it was manufactured, check the package label.

11. As a confirmed meat lover, how can I learn to like vegetable dishes?
Don't vegetarians eat weird food?You'll be amazed at the variety of foods - some familiar and some new - that can be a part of a vegetarian diet. Ethnic food is a wonderful source of flavorful, appealing vegetarian dishes. Try Middle Eastern, Greek, or Asian restaurants to learn about tasty vegetarian cooking. Spices accent the flavor and the mixture of vegetables and grains adds fullness and crunchiness that can win over even the most confirmed meat eater. Even Italian restaurants have meatless pasta and other dishes on the menu. There are also many excellent vegetarian cookbooks available at the library or bookstore. You may find that you've missed a lot as a meatlover.

MEATLESS SUBS
If you are trying to wean your family off meat as a main course, do so gradually by preparing dishes that emphasize vegetables and grains, but still include small amounts of beef or poultry. The meat becomes an accent, not the centerpiece of the meal. Or, make meatless dishes that look like they might have meat in them but really don't, such as:

• stir-fried vegetables with tofu cubes
• tofu in spaghetti sauce over pasta
• meatless chili with texturized vegetable protein (a "meaty" processed soy product)
• lasagna with eggplant and chunks of soy "sausage"
• garden burgers instead of beef burgers
• black bean burritos (black beans have an almost meaty texture)
• vegetable pizza with minced mushrooms, basil, tomato paste, garlic, and cheese

NUTRITIP The Spice of Veggie Life A variety of seasonings can give veggie dishes more taste appeal, including basil, tomato sauce, garlic, cumin, cayenne, coriander, Dijon mustard, onion, parsley, cilantro, leeks, and shallots.

12. Is it safe to feed children a vegetarian diet?
Yes, you can raise a healthy vegetarian. It's relatively easy if your child's diet includes eggs, fish, and dairy products. Raising a little vegan requires more planning and nutritional know-how to insure that the child gets enough calcium, vitamin D, iron, vitamin B-12, and some of the other B-vitamins. Yes, children can grow normally on a diet of grains, legumes, and greens, yet it's a bit risky. A wise parent should seek periodic advice from a nutritionist experienced in vegan diets and practice these precautions:

• Protein is not a problem, children can get all the proteins they need from plant foods only; especially whole grains, soy products, legumes, and nuts.
• Calcium may present a challenge, since traditional plant sources of calcium are not big favorites with children. (Good luck getting your child to eat kale and collards.) But many foods today are fortified with calcium, including calcium-fortified soy milk and orange juice, so a vegan child can get enough calcium without relying on supplements. Fortified foods, such as cereals and soy beverages, can also be a dietary source of vitamin B-12.
• Getting enough calories may be another challenge in vegan diets. Veggies have a lot of nutrients per calorie, but not a lot of calories per cup. Tiny tummies fill up faster on lots of fiber, but fewer calories. One way to overcome this problem is to encourage your child to graze on small, frequent feedings that include higher-calorie foods, such as nutbutter sandwiches, avocados, nuts and seeds (for children over four years of age who can eat them safely), pasta, dried fruits, and smoothies.
• Vegetarian children should get the nutrients they need from foods rather than pills, since pills don't provide calories, and the nutrients in foods, through the process of synergy, are better for the body. The growth of some vegan children may appear to be slower because vegetarian children, like vegetarian adults, tend to be leaner. A child's position on the growth chart is not an accurate measure of the state of health. Actually, where a child fits on the chart is influenced more by genes than by diet.

Maintaining a vegetarian diet can be more challenging during periods in a person's life when there are extra nutritional needs, such as pregnancy, lactation, childhood, and adolescence. Once the person reaches adulthood, nutritional deficiencies are less of a concern. Even if your children do not remain vegetarians for life, by getting their little bodies accustomed to the taste and feel of a vegetarian diet you have programmed them with a healthy eating pattern that will benefit them throughout life. Vegetarian children, because they get used to the comfortable, after-dinner feeling of a vegetarian meal, tend to shun, or at least don't overdose on junk meats, such as hot dogs and fast-food burgers. Yet, don't expect your child to go meatless all his life. Give your children a vegetarian start and, as they grow away from your nest, let them decide what eating pattern they will follow. They may find reasons, such as concern for cruelty to animals, that keep them on the veggie tract. Model your excitement about eating a wide variety of plant-based foods, serve them tastefully, and the rest is up to your child.

As more and more families pass by the meat counter and head for the produce section of the supermarket, there is a garden of vegetarian information out there just for the picking. Here's a brief sampling:

• "The Vegetarian Pages," at www.veg.org/veg, an Internet guide for vegetarians. This site contains many resources (books, articles, organizations, etc.).
• Vegetarian Times magazine, 800-829-3340, or www.vegetariantimes.com
• The Vegetarian Child: A Complete Guide for Parents, by Lucy Moll (Perigree, 1997)
• Essential Vegetarian Cookbook, by Diana Shaw (Clarkson Potter, 1997)
• For a referral to a dietitian specializing in vegetarian nutrition, contact the American Dietetic Association at 800-366-1655 or www.eatright.org
• Vegetarian Journal, a bimonthly publication of the Vegetarian Resource Group, PO Box 1463, Baltimore MD 21203; 410-366-VEGE or www.vrg.org

Just as there are stages in children's development of motor skills or cognitive abilities, there are developmental stages in eating habits. You can make the most impact on your child's eating habits if you respond to his development in age-appropriate ways.

Stage 1: Infancy. Program your baby to appreciate the tastes of fresh fruits and vegetables. Every baby starts out as a vegetarian, since meat is usually the last food group introduced to new eaters. Between five and nine months, babies can be introduced to a variety of grains, fruits, and vegetables, such as rice, bananas, pears, avocados, barley, sweet potatoes, carrots, squash, and mashed potatoes. Between nine and twelve months, introduce tofu. As a dairy alternative, get your infant used to the taste of soy beverages.

Stage 2: Toddler years. Toddlers love to graze, so make a toddler nibble tray with bite-sized fruits and vegetables, together with a yogurt and avocado dip. Your toddler will learn to snack on fresh fruits and vegetables instead of packaged stuff. Meat is not necessary, as long as you use iron- fortified cereal or continue to breastfeed or give iron-fortified formula. (Alternative sources of iron are green, leafy vegetables, raisins, black-eyed peas, blackstrap molasses, and beans). During the first three years you have a window of opportunity to shape young tastes. Your toddler learns what fresh fruits and veggies are supposed to taste like, and accepts this as the family norm.

Stage 3: Preschool and school years. Grow a garden. Children are more likely to eat what they grow. Gardening gives you a chance to talk about good food. Talk about all the different colors in the garden and why it's so important to have a lot of color in the food on your plate at dinnertime. Children can appreciate the concept of a rainbow lunch. Frequent restaurants that have large salad bars, planting in your child's fertile mind the idea that salad bars are a real treat: all you can eat of a great variety of multi-colored and multi-textured foods. Encourage your children to help you in the kitchen. They can wash fruits and vegetables, tear up lettuce, stir, pour, knead bread dough, and serve and eat their creations proudly.

Sandwiches made with peanut butter or almond butter on whole-wheat bread, healthy fruit preserves, and sprouts are a new twist on a traditional favorite for school-age children. This is a time to emphasize fish (salmon and tuna) and flax oil for essential fatty acids. School-age children can also begin to read labels. Teach your child to avoid foods with "hydrogenated" in the ingredients list. Steer your child away from packaged snack foods, especially those containing hydrogenated oils, and provide tasty and attractive alternatives in school lunches. If your family is semi-vegetarian (eats meat occasionally), use meat as an accent in stirfry or grain dishes, avoiding the usual picture of a steak in the middle of the plate with only a garnish of vegetables. Or, serve fish, plus a substantial vegetable side dish. Older school-age children can also appreciate ethical and ecological issues associated with eating meat. To our older children we have cited the inhumane treatment of calves raised to produce veal as a good reason not to eat veal.

Stage 4: Teen years. Teens will dabble with junkfood, but they won't overdose on it. Unlike children who have grown up with a junkfood diet as their nutritional norm, teens raised on a vegetarian diet are able to make the connection between eating well and feeling well. Salad bars, vegetarian pizzas, bean burritos, and fruit snacks are likely to be vegetarian favorites for teens. When they go into a fast-food restaurant, they are more likely to seek out the salad bar than fries and greasy foods.